Bill Mounce

For an Informed Love of God

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Monday, January 14, 2019

When did the Angels Come? (Mark 1:13)

Language is imprecise. It would be great if all of us said exactly what we meant, and meant exactly what we said, but that is neither human nature or the nature of language.

That’s why context is king. That’s why a “verse of the day” is the worst exegetical tool there is (sorry). In every class on Bible study methods (“hermeneutics”) that is taught, the central emphasis is context, reading verses in context. I heard a sermon the other day that illustrates the need for this emphasis, using the imperfect tense.

After Jesus’ baptism, in Mark, we read, “At once the Spirit sent him out into the wilderness, and he was in the wilderness forty days, being tempted (πειραζόμενος) by Satan. He was with the wild animals, and angels attended (διηκόνουν) him” (1:12–13, NIV).

The only normal way to read this is that “being tempted” and “attended” happened over the course of the forty days. He was in the desert for forty days, he was tempted over the course of the forty days, and all the while the angels were caring for him.

The problem of course is that we know this is not what happened because Matthew gives as a more detailed chronology. “After fasting forty days and forty nights ... the tempter came to him ... then the devil left him, and angels came and attended him” (4:2, 3, 11). Satan waited until Jesus was at his weakest, and after Satan left then the angels came. So what’s going on?

This probably explains the NIV’s use of a simple past “attended” for the imperfect διηκόνουν, trying to steer the reader away from misunderstanding. The angels did not “attend” for Jesus during the course of the forty days but only when they were done. Most of the other translations slavishly follow the basic meaning of the imperfect. “And He was in the wilderness forty days being tempted by Satan; and He was with the wild beasts, and the angels were ministering to Him” (NASB), which once again shows how using first year Greek translation principles without paying attention to context can so easily mislead the reader.

Why did Mark write it this way? As is true in all the Gospels, the writers select only those pieces of the story that meet their goals, and apparently Mark did not think any more temporal precision was necessary.

But doesn’t the imperfect always indicate some sort of continual action? Yes, but context is needed to define that action. Apparently the forty days past, Satan came and went, and then the angels came for an extended period of time and cared for Jesus. That’s why Mark uses the imperfect.

This also illustrates the problems of viewing the different uses of the Greek tenses (and cases) as slices of a pie. Most of the pie of the imperfect tense expresses continuous action in past time, and that part of the pie is sliced up into a “progressive imperfect,” “ingressive imperfect,” etc. Other parts of the pie are much more nuanced, often tied in with the meaning of the verb, describing what “is” more than what “was happening.”

Either way, language is imprecise, and so are we. Let’s not slavishly follow first year definitions of grammar and vocabulary to the point that we mislead our readers. Let’s not just translate imperfects as past continuous without seeing the possible misunderstandings. 
And let’s be thankful for translations that see the problems and try to help the reader not be mislead.

Context is king!

Comments

Again, similar to my comment in reply to the Nov 26 blog post on aorist vs. present participles, etc., the same applies to the imperfect, which also does not denote time at all, but only completion (in this case, incompleteness of action, something that has started and continues). And, again, these aren't Englishmen writing, or writers envisioning different categories of aorist, imperfect, etc. for the future Latin and English speakers' benefit. Again, they express historical narrative from the frame of reference of being there observing the past events playing out, whereas in formal English narrative we don't do that, but rather use our English past tense. In the case of Mark 1:13, hyper-literally, "and he has been being there in the wilderness forty days, and being tested under the Satan, and he has been being amidst the wild beasts, and the messengers have been serving same." This is the frame of reference of an observer of the circumstances explaining what he is seeing, yet context (yes, that is king) shows that it is all in the past, and one account may give more details about sequence than others. You have two minor typos, by the way: In the first sentence of the second paragraph, you typed "worse" instead of "worst." In the fifth paragraph, the parallel passage you wish to refer to is in Matt. 4, not Matt 3.

In my comment, "...and being tested under the Satan..." should be "...and being tested under the adversary..." since it is the common noun form, not the proper noun form in this instance. This makes more sense of the definite article preceding it.

Garth, Would you translate Mark 1:13 into current English, as you understand it, rather than the hyper-literal?

John, as of this writing, he has not made visible my 12/8 comment to his 11/26 blog post, so there is a bit of background context missing here that you cannot go back and refer to. Bill Mounce's main point is well taken, which is that you have to be careful what your "proper" English rendering implies, where more "literal," in this case, could actually be misleading. I wasn't meaning to detract from his main point. And he has pointed out at various other times that these "literal, word for word" translations are not as literal, word-for-word as people would like to suppose. I'd add that the NASB's "slavishly following the basic meaning of the imperfect" is in English misleading more particularly because it is a sentence sequence of English simple past tense, present participle, simple past tense, past progressive tense. They were "slavishly" diligent to make the last one progressive, but not "slavishly" diligent on the previous ones, which they rendered in English simple past tense. So, they unwittingly manufactured a distinction. And this despite that Koine Greek has no "simple past tense" verb conjugation to begin with! If they had been "slavishly" diligent with the others, then it would sound awkward, like my "hyper-literal" rendering. Consequently, aside from the participial phrase, which functions adjectivally, and of which we only have two participle tenses in English, the mind of an English reader will pick out as significant the past progressive from the other two verbs that are simple past.